STAMINA

Analysis of determinants in physical education achievement: Nutritional knowledge and body mass index

Deby Tri Mario — 2026-06-29

This study aims to analyze the effect of Nutrition Knowledge (NK) and Body Mass Index (BMI) on Physical Education (PE) learning outcomes in elementary school students, both partially and simultaneously. This study used an associative quantitative approach involving 28 third-grade students aged between 8-9 years. NK was measured using a multiple-choice questionnaire, BMI was obtained through anthropometric measurements, while PE learning outcomes were obtained from students' report card scores. The data were analyzed using simple and multiple linear correlation and regression. The results showed that the students' NK was in the adequate category (M=70.107±0.875), BMI was in the normal category (M=-1.626±0.977), and PE learning outcomes were in the adequate category (M=77.679±4.514). Regression analysis showed that NK and BMI had a positive and significant effect on PE learning outcomes, with BMI having a greater effect than NK (partially, R²=0.360; R²=0.472; p=0.001; and simultaneously, R²=0.656; p=0.001). These findings indicate that good NK and normal BMI contribute to improved PE learning outcomes in elementary school students. Further research is recommended using a longitudinal design with a larger sample size and considering relevant behavioral and environmental factors to obtain a more comprehensive understanding of the factors that influence PE learning outcomes.

The Use Of An Inclined Mat To Improve The Learning Outcomes Of Fifth-Year Pupils At State Primary School In The Forward Roll Skills

Arbian Rafly Sugiarto — 2026-06-29

This study aims to determine whether the use of an inclined mat can improve the learning outcomes
of fifth-year pupils at State Primary School 02 Babadan in the forward roll skill. The research was
motivated by low learning outcomes, particularly in the psychomotor and affective domains, as
well as the lack of varied teaching media in physical education. A quantitative approach with a
quasi-experimental method and a one-group pretest-posttest design was employed. The population
consisted of all 17 fourth-year pupils, selected through saturated sampling. Data were collected
through cognitive, affective, and psychomotor tests. Descriptive analysis showed an increase in
average scores across all domains. The paired t-test results indicated no significant improvement in
the cognitive domain (p = 0.136), but a significant improvement in the affective domain (p = 0.015).
The Wilcoxon signed-rank test revealed a significant improvement in the psychomotor domain (p
= 0.002), with 13 pupils showing increased scores. In conclusion, the use of an inclined mat is
effective in improving students’ affective and psychomotor learning outcomes in forward roll
gymnastics, although it does not significantly affect cognitive understanding. This research
recommends the inclined mat as an innovative and practical teaching aid for primary school
physical education

The Meaning Of Life For Athletes With Disabilities

Ayerzi Oktal — 2026-06-29

Athletes with disabilities often face challenges in accepting their condition, losing their direction, and finding meaning in life after experiencing a disability. Although various studies have identified factors related to meaningfulness in life among people with disabilities, research on how athletes with disabilities construct meaning in life through their experiences in Paralympic sport remains limited. Therefore, this study aims to explore the meaningfulness of athletes with disabilities through their experiences in Paralympic sport. This study employed a qualitative, phenomenological design and was analyzed using Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA). Participants were selected using purposive sampling and consisted of three athletes with disabilities: a blind chess athlete, a physically disabled table tennis athlete, and a physically disabled bowling athlete. All participants had been active athletes for at least 1 year and had experience competing in national-level competitions. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews, observation, and document analysis. Findings indicate that participation in Paralympic sport helps participants move from a state of existential emptiness to self-acceptance, increased self-confidence, and personal development. Social support from family, coaches, and fellow athletes reinforces this process, resulting in positive changes in psychological, social, educational, and economic aspects that ultimately shape a sense of meaning in life. The themes of process and self-development emerged as central themes connecting the entire process of developing meaningfulness in athletes with disabilities

The Effect Of Using Audiovisual Media On Learning Outcomes In “Indonesia Hebat” Children’s Rhythmic Gymnastics Among Year 4 Pupils

Misqola Famay Azzahra — 2026-06-29

Rhythmic gymnastics learning in primary schools often faces challenges such as low student interest, boredom, and suboptimal learning outcomes due to monotonous teaching methods. This study aims to determine the effect of audiovisual media on learning outcomes (psychomotor, affective, and cognitive aspects) in rhythmic gymnastics among Year 4 pupils at SDN 01 Bukur. This research employed a pre-experimental design with a quantitative approach (one-group pretest-posttest). The subjects were 22 Year 4 pupils selected through total sampling. Data were collected through tests and observations and then analyzed using descriptive statistics, normality tests, paired sample t-tests, the Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test, and N-Gain analysis. The results revealed significant improvements in all three aspects. Psychomotor scores increased from 58.91 to 86.32 (N-Gain 0.66/moderate-high). Affective scores increased from 69.09 to 88.18 (N-Gain 0.58/moderate). Cognitive scores increased from 76.59 to 81.95 (N-Gain 0.15/low). Statistical tests validated significant differences between pretest and posttest (p < 0.05 for all aspects). In conclusion, the use of audiovisual media has a positive and significant effect on rhythmic gymnastics learning outcomes, particularly in psychomotor and affective aspects. Audiovisual media is recommended as an innovative and interactive learning strategy for physical education in primary schools

Biomechanical Analysis Forehand Groundstroke Technique On Field Tennis: A Review Of The Literature

Muh Nugrah Setyawan — 2026-06-29

The forehand groundstroke is one of the fundamental techniques in tennis that requires complex coordination of the musculoskeletal system. This study aims to systematically analyze the biomechanics of forehand groundstroke technique, including movement phases, segmental body contribution, racket velocity, racket-face angle at impact, and its implications for performance improvement and injury prevention. The research method used a systematic literature review approach by analyzing peer-reviewed journals, textbooks, and relevant academic sources related to tennis biomechanics. The results of the review show that the forehand groundstroke consists of five main phases: initiation, preparation, acceleration, impact, and follow-through. Quantitative findings indicate that racket velocity reaches its peak during the impact phase, with professional players producing racket speeds of approximately 25–35 m/s. Stroke power is generated through sequential segmental contribution involving the lower limbs, trunk, shoulder, upper arm, forearm, and wrist. Kinematic analysis also shows that torso rotation and shoulder external rotation play important roles in increasing racket speed and stroke effectiveness. In addition, the racket-face angle at impact significantly influences ball direction, accuracy, and control. This study concludes that a comprehensive understanding of forehand groundstroke biomechanics can help coaches and athletes optimize technique, improve stroke performance, and reduce the risk of injury. The findings provide practical recommendations for developing more effective tennis training programs based on biomechanical principles

The Effect Of Full Court Skill And Drill Training On Basketball Players Shooting Accuracy Under Fatigue Conditions

M. Farlyzzahaby Deska Utama — 2026-06-29

Basketball shooting performance frequently declines under fatigue conditions, yet evidence regarding training approaches specifically designed to improve shooting accuracy in fatigue-related situations remains limited. While previous studies have examined the acute effects of fatigue on shooting performance, fewer studies have investigated training interventions that repeatedly expose players to game-like fatigue during shooting execution. This study aimed to determine the effect of full court skill and drill training on basketball players’ shooting accuracy under fatigue conditions. The study used a pre-experimental one-group pretest–posttest design involving 15 players from Momentum Basketball Club selected through total sampling. The intervention was conducted for three weeks with a frequency of three sessions per week. Each session integrated dribbling, passing, transition movement, sprinting, and shooting drills across the full court to simulate game-like fatigue. Shooting accuracy was measured before and after the intervention using a shooting test performed after an intensive activity protocol. Data were analyzed using IBM SPSS Statistics through descriptive statistics, the Shapiro–Wilk normality test, paired-samples t-test, Wilcoxon signed-rank test, 95% confidence interval estimation, and Cohen’s dz effect size. The results showed that the mean pretest score increased from 3.33 to 6.67 in the posttest, with a mean gain of 3.33 points. The paired-samples t-test indicated a significant improvement, t(14) = 20.92, p < 0.001, with a very large effect size (Cohen’s dz = 5.40). The Wilcoxon signed-rank test confirmed the same conclusion, W = 0.00, p < 0.001. These findings indicate that full court skill and drill training is effective for improving shooting accuracy when players perform under fatigue. The study contributes practically to the design of basketball training programs that combine technical execution, physical load, and match-specific pressure

The Relationship Between Physical Fitness Levels And Physical Education Learning Outcomes Among Students

Natasya Citra Arum — 2026-06-29

This study aims to examine the relationship between physical fitness levels and physical education academic performance among 10th-grade students at SMA Negeri 1 Mranggen, in response to the mixed findings of previous studies, as well as to introduce the digital version of the TKSI Stage E/F instrument, which incorporates sensory-motor components such as hand-eye coordination and visual-motor reaction time. The research design used was quantitative, descriptive-correlational, involving 70 students aged 15–16 years who were selected through simple random sampling. Physical fitness was measured using the TKSI Stage E/F test battery, consisting of six items (hand-eye coordination, hand-touch reaction, agility/vertical jump, arm muscle strength, and the Multistage Fitness Test for VO₂ max), while academic achievement was obtained from midterm exam scores through documentary analysis. The data were analyzed descriptively and tested for normality and linearity prior to hypothesis testing, using Spearman's rank correlation because the data were not normally distributed. The results of the study showed that the students’ average physical fitness score was 21.64 (moderate category), while their average Physical Education (PJOK) learning outcomes were 88 (moderate category). The correlation test yielded an r value of 0.196 with p = 0.104 (p > 0.05), indicating a positive but statistically insignificant and very weak relationship between physical fitness and PJOK learning outcomes. These findings suggest that performance on the midterm exam in physical education, which emphasizes cognitive understanding of sports theory, is more influenced by factors such as teaching methods, memory, and psychological readiness than by students’ physical fitness or motor-sensory abilities alone

The Effect Of Using Quizizz And Wordwall Media On Cognitive Learning Outcomes Of Health Materials

Naufal Izha Manggalih — 2026-06-29

Conventional instructional methods remain inadequate for delivering health education on sensitive topics such as Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs), particularly in vocational high school settings where epidemiological urgency coexists with deep sociocultural barriers that inhibit open classroom discussion. This study compared the effectiveness of Quizizz and Wordwall platforms on the cognitive learning outcomes of grade XI students at SMK Negeri 1 Kersana. A quasi-experimental approach with a non-equivalent pretest-posttest group design was applied, positioning both classes as active experimental groups: Experimental Group I used Quizizz (n=36) and Experimental Group II used Wordwall (n = 33), totaling 69 students selected through purposive sampling during the Ramadan academic period. The 25-item multiple-choice instrument was validated through expert judgment, producing an Aiken's V index of 0.91 and a Cohen's Kappa reliability coefficient of 0.603 (p = 0.003), both confirming strong instrument quality. Data were analyzed using normalized N-gain scores and the Mann-Whitney U non-parametric test. Results showed that the Quizizz group achieved a mean N-Gain of 0.7556 (75.56%), categorized as high effectiveness, while the Wordwall group obtained 0.4968 (49.68%), categorized as moderate. A statistically significant difference was confirmed (p = 0.000), with an effect size coefficient r = 0.503 (large effect), indicating that the performance gap between groups reflects a substantive instructional difference rather than statistical chance. The competitive architecture of Quizizz, particularly its leaderboard system and real-time corrective feedback, produced stronger cognitive gains than the template-based exploration model of Wordwall. Quizizz is recommended as the primary instructional tool for PJOK teachers delivering reproductive health content in vocational settings, especially under conditions that restrict physical activity

Virtual Reality Reality As A Method Of Shooting Basketball Practice: A Systematic Study Of Its Effectiveness And Implementation In The Sport Of Basketball

Agus Sutriawan — 2026-06-29

Virtual Reality (VR) technology has grown rapidly and is increasingly applied in sports training, including basketball. This study aims to systematically review the effectiveness of virtual reality as a basketball shooting training method. The method used is a systematic literature review (SLR) following PRISMA guidelines. Searches were conducted through Google Scholar, PubMed, Scopus, and SINTA databases with a publication range of 2014–2024. Of 348 articles identified, 28 articles met the inclusion criteria and were analyzed through narrative synthesis. Risk of bias assessment using JBI Critical Appraisal Tools showed that 64.3% of studies had high performance bias due to difficulties in blinding, a common limitation in VR training research. The findings indicate that VR-based basketball shooting training is effective in improving shooting accuracy (average improvement of 24.1% vs. 11.8% conventional), spatial perception, and athlete confidence. VR allows athletes to practice in a safe, repetitive, and measurable simulation environment through mechanisms of augmented real-time feedback, immersive mental rehearsal, and programmed variability of practice. However, limitations include high implementation costs (USD 3,000–50,000), cybersickness risks (50% of studies), and lack of real haptic feedback. The novelty of this review lies in its simultaneous analysis of neuromotor mechanisms and contextual implementation challenges in developing countries. This review recommends integrating VR as a supplement (30–40% of training time) to conventional training to maximize overall basketball shooting training effectiveness

The Relationship Between Physical Activity, Sleep Quality, And Physical Fitness Among Ssb Persisac Athletes

Wiwit Bintang Permatasari — 2026-06-29

Physical fitness is a key component of athletic performance, particularly among soccer players who require endurance, recovery, and optimal physical condition. Previous research has reported inconsistent findings regarding the relationship between physical activity, sleep quality, and physical fitness. Some studies have found significant associations, while others have reported non-significant results. Furthermore, evidence focusing on adolescent soccer players in local soccer schools remains limited, particularly in the Indonesian context. Therefore, this study aimed to examine the relationship between physical activity, sleep quality, and physical fitness, as well as changes in these variables over a two-week observation period among athletes at SSB Persisac Semarang. This study employed a quantitative correlational design with pre-test and post-test measurements involving 25 athletes selected through purposive sampling. Physical activity was assessed using the Global Physical Activity Questionnaire (GPAQ), sleep quality was measured using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), and physical fitness was evaluated using the Nusantara Student Fitness Test (TKPN). Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, the Shapiro–Wilk normality test, Spearman’s rank correlation, and the Wilcoxon signed-rank test. Spearman’s correlation was used to determine the relationship between variables, while the Wilcoxon test was used to compare pre-test and post-test measurements. The results showed that physical activity had a weak positive correlation with physical fitness (r = 0.176; p = 0.399), while sleep quality had a weak negative correlation with physical fitness (r = −0.162; p = 0.439), with both relationships being statistically insignificant. The Wilcoxon test revealed significant changes in sleep quality (p = 0.006) and physical fitness (p = 0.001), while physical activity did not undergo a significant change (p = 0.145). These findings suggest that physical activity and sleep quality were not significantly associated with physical fitness among athletes at SSB Persisac Semarang; however, significant changes in sleep quality and physical fitness were observed during the two-week observation period

Endurance Ability Of West Sumatera Football Players: Analysis Of Pon Players

Ridho Bahtra — 2026-06-29

The problem of this research is the lack of empirical data regarding the endurance capabilities of West Sumatra PON soccer players based on sports science. The purpose of this study is to determine the endurance capabilities of West Sumatra PON soccer players. Endurance capability data is very important for coaches as a basis for developing measurable and structured training programs. This study uses a quantitative descriptive method with a survey approach. The sample in this study was 30 young soccer players. The instrument used was the intermittent recovery yoyo test. The collected data will be analyzed using statistical techniques with the help of SPSS 26 software and Microsoft Excel. The results of the data analysis revealed that the endurance capability (VO2max) of players who were in the low category was 1 person (3.33%), the poor category was 29 people (96.67%), and no one obtained a very good, good, fairly good, and moderate VO2Max. From these results, it can be concluded that the endurance capabilities of players still have not reached the standards required for professional soccer players. Coaches must improve the endurance capabilities of players to compete at a higher level. This data can be used as a reference for coaches in designing and developing more effective training programs to improve players' endurance capabilities.